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Termites are known to carry pollen and frequently see flowers,177 so are considered as potential pollinators for any number of flowering plants.178 One blossom in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is regularly pollinated by foraging employees, and it is perhaps the only Orchidaceae flower in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
Many plants have grown effective defences against termites. However, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only grow when they have passed the seedling phase.179 Defence is normally accomplished by secreting antifeedant compounds into the woody cell walls.180 This reduces the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When kept near the infusion, they become disoriented and eventually die.181.
Termite populations can be substantially influenced by environmental changes including those caused by human intervention. A Brazilian study investigated the termite assemblages of 3 websites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites had been present in the three websites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects.
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The wood-feeders were the most severely affected feeding team. .
A termite nest can be considered as being composed of 2 parts, the inanimate and the animate. The animate is all of the termites living inside the colony, and the inanimate part is the structure itself, which is constructed by the termites. Nests can be broadly separated into three main categories: subterranean (entirely below ground), epigeal (protruding above the soil surface), and arboreal (built above ground, but constantly connected to the ground via shelter tubes).184 Epigeal nests (mounds) protrude from the earth with ground contact and are created out of earth and sand.
Most termites construct underground colonies rather than multifunctional nests and mounds.186 Primitive termites of now nest in wooden structures such as logs, stumps and the dead parts of trees, as did termites millions of years ago.184.
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To construct their nests, termites mostly use faeces, which have many desirable properties as a construction material. Other building materials description include partially digested plant material, used in carton nests (arboreal nests built from faecal elements and wood), and dirt, utilized in subterranean nest and mound construction. Not all nests are visible, as many nests in tropical forests are located underground.186 Species in the subfamily Apicotermitinae are great examples of subterranean nest builders, since they only dwell inside tunnels.
Nests and mounds shield the termites' delicate bodies against desiccation, light, pathogens and parasites, in addition to providing a fortification against predators.188Nests made from carton are especially weak, and so the inhabitants utilize counter-attack strategies hop over to these guys against invading predators. .
Arboreal carton nests of mangrove swamp-dwelling Nasutitermes are enriched in lignin and depleted in cellulose and xylans. This change is caused by bacterial decay in the gut of the termites: they utilize their faeces as a carton building material. Arboreal termites nests can account for up to 2% of above ground carbon monoxide in Puerto Rican mangrove swamps.
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Nests are considered mounds should they protrude from the earth's surface. A mound provides termites exactly the exact same protection as a nest but is stronger.189 Mounds located in regions with torrential and continuous rainfall are at risk of mound erosion as a result of their clay-rich construction. Those made from carton can offer protection from the rain, and in fact can withstand high precipitation.
By way of example, Cubitermes colonies construct narrow tunnels utilized as strong points, since the diameter of the tunnels is small enough for soldiers to obstruct.192 A highly protected room, known as the"queens mobile", houses the queen and king and is used as a last line of defence. .
Species in the genus Macrotermes arguably construct the most complex structures in the insect world, constructing enormous mounds. These mounds are among the biggest in the world, reaching a height of 8 to 9 metres (26 to 29 ft ), and consist of chimneys, pinnacles and ridges.56 Another termite species, Amitermes meridionalis, can construct nests 3Â to 4Â metres (9Â to 13 ft ) high and 2.5 metres (8Â ft ) wide.
The sculptured mounds occasionally have elaborate and distinctive forms, like those of the compass termite (Amitermes meridionalis and A. laurensis), which builds tall, wedge-shaped mounds with the long axis oriented about northsouth, which gives them their common name.194195 This orientation has been experimentally shown to assist thermoregulation. The north-south orientation causes the internal temperature of a mound to increase rapidly during the morning while avoiding overheating from the midday sun.